嗨 Kevin，很高興得知您正在製作研經本聖經。關於這兩份清單的版權資訊問題，對於 Strongs 來說很簡單，但對於 BibleWorks 或其衍生產品「The Works」則較為複雜。「The Works」是由此貼文中提到的某人創建的，並已包含在 PTXprint 的選項清單中。
ChatGPT 的深度研究（Deep Research）調查了以下內容的版權狀態和使用權：
從公有領域清單下載的 Strong’s 編號，並用於生成新的交叉引用。
來自已停產的 BibleWorks 軟體套件的交叉引用，包括是否適用版權或是否可以安全使用。
Strong’s concordance (1890) 及衍生的交叉引用： Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance 早已進入公有領域。事實上，Logos 的文件明確指出「Strong’s 屬於公有領域，使用無需許可」。根據美國法律，純粹的事實和簡單數據編譯不受版權保護。僅基於 Strong’s 編號（本身即為公有領域數據）生成的經節交叉引用清單，本質上是一個事實索引。正如最高法院在 Feist 案中所述，「無人可以對事實或想法申請版權」，且事實的明顯排列方式（如按字母順序排列）缺乏獲得保護所需的創造性。結論： Strong’s 編號以及您從中生成的任何交叉引用清單均不受版權保護。您可以自由出版，無需許可或版權聲明。（出於學術禮貌，您可以註明「基於 Strong’s Concordance（公有領域）」，但法律上並非必須。）
BibleWorks（「The Works」）交叉引用清單： BibleWorks 是由 BibleWorks, LLC（所有者 Michael Bushell）創建的專有軟體，直到 2018 年停產為止。其內建的交叉引用編譯（通常稱為 “The Works”）是由該公司員工創建的。我們未發現此數據有任何開放授權或公有領域聲明。事實上，Paratext 文件顯示某人「經許可」改編了 BibleWorks 的主清單——這暗示 BibleWorks 擁有獨家權利。由於 BibleWorks LLC 擁有該內容且未將其釋出，它仍受版權保護。軟體的停產不會使版權失效。除非有明確的相反聲明，否則您必須假設 BibleWorks 交叉引用清單由 BibleWorks（或其作者）擁有版權。
所有權和版權： 該交叉引用清單由 BibleWorks 員工撰寫，並由 BibleWorks, LLC 擁有。一個論壇貼文指出，該清單僅在獲得 BibleWorks「許可」後使用，證實它並非免費內容。BibleWorks 於 2018 年關閉，但沒有跡象表明該數據已進入公有領域。
授權和署名： 未發布 BibleWorks 清單的授權。因此，未經權利持有人許可，您不能自由重用。至少，如果您必須引用它，請提供署名行（例如「交叉引用來自 BibleWorks 綜合清單」），但請注意，僅署名不能替代許可。（如果出版商看到這一點，他們通常會要求授權或使用替代來源。）
建議： 您可以自由使用基於 Strong’s 的交叉引用，沒有限制，也不需要版權聲明。對於源自 BibleWorks 的清單，請謹慎行事：除非您獲得許可，否則假設它受版權保護。理想情況下，請用公有領域的等效內容替代。例如，Treasury of Scripture Knowledge（TSK, 1879）是一部經典的公有領域交叉引用著作，現代項目（例如 OpenBible.info）使用公有領域交叉引用（特別是 TSK）作為其數據。如果您確實包含 BibleWorks 材料，請明確引用其來源，並盡可能署名所有者（如「BibleWorks, LLC」或類似名稱），但最安全的法律途徑是獲得權利或使用替代的公有領域來源。
摘要： Strong’s Concordance 以及您從其公有領域數據生成的任何交叉引用均不受版權保護。相比之下，BibleWorks 交叉引用清單是專有的。它很可能仍由 BibleWorks LLC（Michael Bushell）擁有版權，因此您不應將其視為免費內容。基於 Strong’s 的數據不需要特殊的版權聲明，但使用源自 BibleWorks 的清單至少應署名來源，並理想情況下應與原始權利持有人進行核實。
來源： 權威聲明和指南（Logos 內容許可、Sword Project、Feist v. Rural 判決）證實 Strong’s Concordance 屬於公有領域。用戶貢獻的文件和論壇貼文（PTXprint、Paratext）表明 BibleWorks 的「The Works」清單是專有的，僅經許可使用。（另請參閱 OpenBible 和 TSK 文件，以了解公有領域交叉引用數據的示例。）
Hi Kevin, great to hear that you're creating a study Bible. The question of copyright information for these two lists is simple for Strongs, and more nuanced for BibleWorks, or its derivative called "The Works" which was created by someone mentioned in this post and has been included in PTXprint's list of options.
ChatGPT's Deep Research looked into the copyright status and usage rights for:
Strong’s numbers that were downloaded from a public domain list and used to generate new cross-references.
The cross-references from the discontinued BibleWorks software package, including whether any copyright applies or if they are safe to use.
Strong’s Concordance (1890) and Derived Cross-References: Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance is long in the public domain. In fact, Logos’ documentation explicitly states “Strong’s is public domain and no permission is needed to use it”. Under U.S. law, bare facts and simple data compilations are not protected by copyright. A list of verse cross-references generated purely from Strong’s numbering (itself public-domain data) is essentially a factual index. As the Supreme Court noted in Feist, “no one may copyright facts or ideas” and obvious arrangements of facts (like alphabetizing listings) lack the creativity needed for protection. Conclusion: Strong’s numbers and any cross-reference lists you generate from them are not copyrighted. You may freely publish them without needing permission or a copyright notice. (For academic courtesy you could note “based on Strong’s Concordance (public domain)”, but legally it’s not required.)
Public domain status: Strong’s Concordance (1890) is in the public domain. The numbering scheme and word-index data are facts.
Cross-references from Strong’s data: A mechanistic cross-reference list drawn from Strong’s data is likewise uncopyrightable fact‐based material. It can be reused freely, and no new copyright attaches.
BibleWorks (“The Works”) Cross-Reference List: BibleWorks was proprietary software created by BibleWorks, LLC (owner Michael Bushell) until its 2018 shutdown. Its built-in cross-reference compilation (often called “The Works”) was created by that company’s staff. We found no open license or public-domain notice for this data. In fact, Paratext documentation shows someone adapted the BibleWorks master list “with permission” – implying BibleWorks held exclusive rights. Since BibleWorks LLC owns that content and has not released it, it remains under copyright. Discontinuation of the software does not void copyright. Without an explicit statement to the contrary, you must assume the BibleWorks cross-reference list is copyrighted by BibleWorks (or its authors).
Ownership and copyright: The cross-reference list was authored by BibleWorks staff and owned by BibleWorks, LLC. A forum post notes the list was used only “with permission” from BibleWorks, confirming it was not free content. BibleWorks closed in 2018, but there’s no indication the data became public domain.
License and attribution: No license for the BibleWorks list is published. Thus, you cannot freely reuse it without permission from the rights holder. At minimum, if you must quote it, provide a credit line (e.g. “Cross-references from BibleWorks’ consolidated list”), but note that credit alone doesn’t substitute for permission. (If a publisher sees this, they would typically require a license or use of an alternative source.)
Recommendations: You may freely use the Strong’s-based cross-references without restriction or the need for a copyright notice. For the BibleWorks-derived list, exercise caution: unless you obtain permission, assume it’s copyrighted. Ideally replace it with a public-domain equivalent. For example, the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (TSK, 1879) is a classic cross-reference work in the public domain, and modern projects (e.g. OpenBible.info) use PD cross-references (notably TSK) as their data. If you do include BibleWorks material, clearly cite it as such and, if possible, credit the owner (“BibleWorks, LLC” or similar), though the safest legal route is to obtain rights or use an alternative PD source.
Summary: Strong’s Concordance and any cross-references you generate from its public-domain data carry no copyright. By contrast, the BibleWorks cross-reference list was proprietary. It likely remains copyrighted by BibleWorks LLC (Michael Bushell), so you should not treat it as free content. No special copyright notice is needed for the Strong’s-based data, but any use of the BibleWorks-derived list should at least attribute the source and ideally be cleared with the original rights holders.
Sources: Authoritative statements and guides (Logos content permissions, Sword Project, Feist v. Rural decision) confirm Strong’s Concordance is PD. User-contributed documentation and forum posts (PTXprint, Paratext) indicate the BibleWorks “The Works” list was proprietary and used only by permission. (See also OpenBible and TSK documentation for examples of PD cross-reference data.)
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